Camera Shots:
- Close ups of the artist
- Establishing shots
- Short takes
- High or low angles
- Medium/long shots to show band or artist's outfit
- Occasional extreme close up of artist's face to put an emphasis on feature
Camera Movement:
- Tracking shots
- Pan (to establish location)
- Wide shot
- Whip pan
- Focus pull
- Crane shot
- Tilt
- Zoom and reverse zoom
Editing
- Jump cuts from artist to other focus point
- Fast paced editing to add energy and to create the need to view the video more than once
- Text on the screen to introduce artist, song, character or location
- Jumping patterns
- Musical editing - cuts to the beat of the song
Post-production digital effects
- Change the colouring of the video, e.g. to enhance a colour, to add a filter etc.
- Slow motion
- Split screens
- Computer Generated Imagery (CGI)
Mise-en-scene
- Costumes and make-up tend to reflect the genre of the song or artist
- Body language - the female body tends to be sexualised, but generally it's quite raw
- Location, e.g. a city, beach, in a studio.
- Casting done to reflect the genre of the song
Lighting:
- Low key lighting for sad or slow songs
- High key lighting for an upbeat song
- Theatrical lighting, e.g. spotlights
- If in studio, bleach lighting to make the artist appear more attractive
- Highlights the importance of some features of a video
- Creates a particular mood or atmosphere relative to the song and it's genre
- Quite commonly, the video will be in low key lighting but the audience can always see the artist or character's face, e.g. in Bad Blood by Taylor Swift
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